Cultural Awareness Essay

The well known book Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice is a novel that is liable for the rejuvenation of the vampire class in famous fiction. The book itself recounts to a fascinating anecdote around three vampires: Lestat, Louis, and Claudia. The story is told from the point of view of Louis, a Creole American ranch proprietor in pre-Civil War America who grabs the attention of Lestat, a vampire who is wandering the world alone, needing a buddy. Louis is discouraged in view of losing his family and along these lines is suceptible to Lestat’s energy to make him into a vampire, which he does. The plot of the book rotates around these two characters as they live respectively. Louis abhors what he has become and severely dislikes taking life yet makes Claudia, a little multi year old young lady, into a vampire also. The connection among Lestat and Louis, and their common love of Claudia, is portrayed all through the novel as Louis battles with his everlasting status, Lestat faces the treachery of Louis and Claudia, and Claudia develops intellectually without each developing genuinely. Their battles with one another and against one another turns into the main thrust behind the novel. The setting of Interview with the Vampire is essentially Paris and New Orleans when the Civil War. The vampires live respectively in a level, where a great part of the activity happens between the entirety of the characters. The peruser is driven through the torment of the plague in Paris, the traditions of the slaves in New Orleans, and the underbelly of these two urban areas where Lestat, Louis, and Claudia discover the individuals that they benefit from every night for their food and quality. The characters found inside this book are Lestat, Louis, Claudia, and Armand. These principle characters demonstrate themselves all through the novel to be fascinating and complex. The character of Claudia develops as a little youngster whose mother has passed on of the plague and who Louis feels very nauseated about when he benefits from her. Lestat then causes him make a vampire out of her. Armand is the pioneer of the coven in Paris and turns into a nearby friend of Louis after Lestat and he head out in their own direction. Each character carries another measurement to the story.

Women in UK Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ladies in UK Labor Market - Essay Example This prompted the possibility of a cornflake parcel family where the male was the provider, the spouse was the housewife, and the family comprised of two kids - a kid and a young lady. The mother had an expressive job, while the dad had an instrumental job of going out to work. The disparity, and the degree to which the various parts of this are interconnected, imply that is some utilization the idea of man controlled society to portray this arrangement of social relations. Man centric society is a social framework through which men rule, abuse and mistreat ladies. Be that as it may, in ongoing decades, changes in the economy and society have adjusted the circumstance - a few of these progressions will be plot beneath. One of the most significant territories to take a gander at for the adjustments in ladies' lives is as far as pay and work comparative with men. Ladies are more outlandish than men to be in paid work, yet the hole has shut consistently over late decades. The extent of those in work who are ladies rose from 38.1% in 1971 to 49.6% in 1995. Be that as it may, a large portion of the expansion in ladies' business has been in low maintenance work. The extent of ladies working low maintenance has expanded consistently, from 34% in 1971 to 47% in 1995. Ladies laborers are focused inside a limited scope of word related gatherings, in spite of the fact that there have been some huge changes in this as of late. Over 40% of full time ladies laborers are to be found in administrative work. Conversely, men are spread through an a lot more extensive scope of occupations. Ladies are limited both to bring down evaluation occupations (vertical isolations) and to various employments (even isolation). The example of isolation anyway has changed fundamentally over ongoing years. At the top finish of the chain of command the number and extent of ladies in the administrative and expert evaluations have generously expanded. Be that as it may, in the most impressive situations in open life, ladies keep on being earnestly under-spoke to. Conversation and Analysis In the contemporary society, there happened numerous adjustments in the work showcase. Organizations have moved away from large scale manufacturing towards the adaptable creation of little bunches of specific items. In doing as such, they utilize a center of profoundly gifted laborers who are equipped for utilizing their abilities to create a wide assortment of items. Other work is done by low maintenance laborers, or laborers on transient agreements, or is contracted out to different firms. These progressions are reflected in the expanded utilization of low maintenance female work and the decrease in the work of guys in full-time perpetual employments. Be that as it may, while it is plainly critical to assess changes in the work showcase and the economy in general so as to comprehend the changing examples of sex disparity, it is important to be wary about basing an investigation. Rosemary sees in her book Ladies and Work in Modern Britain that Obviously, there has been a generous rebuilding of the sexual orientation division of work in the course of the most recent forty years. Its expansive blueprints might be

Photography Essays (991 words) - Optics, Single-lens Reflex Camera

Photography Photography Photography is a strategy of creating perpetual pictures on sharpened surfaces by methods for the photochemical activity of light or different types of brilliant vitality. In the present society, photography plays significant jobs as a data medium, as an instrument in science and innovation, what's more, as a work of art, and it is additionally a famous leisure activity. It is fundamental at each degree of business and industry, being utilized in promoting, documentation, photojournalism, and numerous different ways. Logical research, extending from the investigation of space to the investigation of the universe of subatomic particles, depends vigorously on photography as an instrument. In the nineteenth century, photography was the area of a couple of experts since it required enormous cameras what's more, glass photographic plates. During the primary many years of the twentieth century, be that as it may, with the presentation of move film and the crate camera, it came inside the compass of people in general in general. Today the business offers novice what's more, proficient picture takers a huge assortment of cameras and adornments. See additionally Motion Picture. The Camera and Its Accessories Present day cameras work on the fundamental rule of the camera obscura (see Historical Development, underneath). Light going through a modest gap, or gap, into an in any case lightproof box throws a picture on a superficial level inverse the opening. The expansion of a focal point hones the picture, and film makes conceivable a fixed, reproducible picture. The camera is the instrument by which film can be uncovered in a controlled way. In spite of the fact that they vary in basic subtleties, present day cameras comprise of four essential parts: body, screen, stomach, and focal point. Situated in the body is a lightproof chamber where film is held and uncovered. Too in the body, situated inverse the film and behind the focal point, are the stomach what's more, screen. The focal point, which is fastened to the front of the body, is really a gathering of optical glass focal points. Housed in a metal ring or chamber, it permits the picture taker to concentrate a picture on the film. The focal point may be fixed set up or set in a versatile mount. Items situated at different good ways from the camera can be brought into sharp concentration by altering the separation between the focal point and the film. The stomach, a roundabout gap behind the focal point, works related to the shade to concede light into the lighttight chamber. This opening might be fixed, as in numerous novice cameras, or it might be customizable. Movable stomachs are made out of covering pieces of metal or plastic that, when spread separated, structure an opening of a similar measurement as the focal point; when coincided together, they structure a little opening behind the focal point of the focal point. The gap openings relate to numerical settings, called f-stops, on the camera or the focal point. The screen, a spring-actuated mechanical gadget, shields light from entering the camera with the exception of during the interim of presentation. Most current cameras have central plane or leaf shades. A few more seasoned novice cameras utilize a drop-edge screen, comprising of a pivoted piece that, when discharged, pulls over the stomach opening and uncovered the film for around 1/30th of a second. In the leaf shade, right now of presentation, a bunch of coincided cutting edges springs separated to reveal the full focal point gap and afterward springs shut. The central plane screen comprises of a dark shade with a variable-size cut over its width. When discharged, the shade moves rapidly over the film, uncovering it continuously as the cut moves. Most current cameras additionally have a few kind of survey framework or viewfinder to empower the picture taker to see, through the viewpoint of the camera, the scene being captured. Single-focal point reflex cameras all consolidate this plan highlight, and practically all broad use cameras have some type of centering framework just as a film-advance component. Camera Designs Cameras arrive in an assortment of arrangements what's more, sizes. The main cameras, pinhole cameras, had no focal point. The stream of light was controlled essentially by hindering the pinhole. The primary camera as a rule use, the crate camera, comprises of a wooden or plastic box with a straightforward focal point and a drop-cutting edge screen toward one side and a holder for roll film at the other. The container camera is outfitted with a straightforward viewfinder that shows the degree of the image region. A few models have, likewise, a couple of stomach openings and a straightforward centering gadget. The view camera, utilized fundamentally by experts, is the camera nearest in configuration to early cameras that is still in broad use. In spite of the remarkable capacity of the view camera, be that as it may, other camera types, due to their more prominent flexibility, are all the more ordinarily utilized by the two beginners and experts. Boss among

Malaria Causes Cure

Solving a Biological Problem Summary The chapter is about the methodology that is involved in exploring some understanding toward solving a biological problem while doing research in quest. With citation of example of malaria as a problem along with historical stage involved towards gradual understanding related to its causes leading to the findings to its cure and preventions, an attempt was made to present the approach that has been involved in addressing the scientific issues in past. A practical approach that is possible to conduct practically at school level to get the students introduced with research at elementary level and built up some interest in students has been presented in the following chapter. Mathematical and statistical tools that are needed in research have been introduced to analyze the data obtained by using research methodology (hypothetical) to arrive on conclusions about certain aspects of the issues related to malaria to accept, discard or modify the hypothesis on a scientific query. Introduction The human being started putting efforts to explore the world around him right from very beginning. The history is full of examples that show that early human being somehow recorded their opinion about different thing. With passage of time, human beings learnt to evaluate the correctness of their thoughts and opinion on any scientific issue, by setting some experiments, drawing conclusion (hypothesis) based on results, verification of hypothesis by other experiments and reporting it. Research methodology is latest approach involving these procedures to address a scientific problem. Steps involved in Biological Research Procedure Identification of a problem Sufferings of mankind that includes diseases, scarcity of food shelter, utilities etc or related matters are the existing problems from biological origin. To initiate research in an area a problem in a particular area is identified. There can be a wide range of problems e.g. an approach to find a cure for newly emerging disease, find a more effective drug for a curable disease, increase the shelf life of a product etc. Generation of hypothesis Available understanding on an issue that is published in scientific journals is used to draw logical opinion, hypothesis, underlying the biological processes and indicate possibilities that can lead to the management of the problem. There are often more than one hypothesis available for a given scientific query. Usually one hypothesis is being testified by given experiments. (a)Shelf life of chadder cheese increases with increase in number of yeast cells present into it. (b) Quality of spinach deteriorates with increase in rate of transpiration. (c) The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. Laboratory safety Procedures Every type of biological experimentation should comply with necessary safety procedures that ensures the safety of professionals involved in conducting the experiments and other people. That includes use of special clothing e.g. coats, gloves head cover spectacles etc. All the biological material is carried or grown in specially designed containers that ensure no risk for leakage that can be hazards for other people who can come in contact. All the biological material is heated at 121oC under pressure at 15 psi to kill all type of cells before discarding it whereas chemical agents are discarded as mentioned in safety manuals. Experiment Design Experimentation is a practical approach for investigation a scientific query leading to generation of observations called data. A same question can be investigated by using different experimental approaches. The selection of an experimental design mainly depends upon time required, extent of precision, availability of resources etc. Each experiment design has got some limitations and it is important to ensure that the selected experiment design can optimize for investigating the required scientific query. Each experiment is design by usually changing a variable. In order to test a given hypothesis, experiments are set, usually in triplicate and experiments are repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility of the data. To avoid adding error in the data it is important to set negative and positive control for a given experiment. Positive control has an ingredient instead of ingredient to be test that should positive result when is added in the reagents and processed as per standard method of experiment in given conditions. On other hand Negative control is set same as positive control but has water or other solvent added instead of reagent to be tested. It is very important that selection of sample that is used in the experiment should be random. It is important to ensure that all the experiments should be done at the same conditions. All those factors that can contribute to add errors should be taken care of. Data Collection and analysis Observations can be collected after completion of experiments or while they are in progress depending on nature of experiments. The data is not always a integral values but can be visual observations that can be recorded by photography. The data is usually recorded with appropriate units in tabular form. This is known as raw data. Every data has some error added into it. Mathematic and statistics an integral part of Biological Analysis The observations that are collected as numerical value after experiments comprise raw data. Mathematical or statistical methods are used to minimize the effect of errors present into it the raw data. The most widely and commonly statistical method that is used to decrease error in data is finding an average in any given readings. Beside that mathematical or statistical tools are used to deduce a logical ground based on numerical value to support, modify or discard any scientific opinion (hypothesis) that is built up on earlier reported scientific findings Use of ratio proportion and percentage Data is analyzed by using mathematical or statistical tools, most commonly that are used include ratio and percentage, for finding an effect of changing a variable on other parameters in a given set of condition. If a numerical variable a represents intensity of a biological event that needs to be compared with intensity of another similar event represented by numerical variable b then ratios are taken out Ratio between intensity of two biological events = a (equation 1) b In order to represent this comparison on scale of 100, percentage of ratio between variables are taken out The general formula for percentage is given as below %= Ratio between two numerical variable x100(equation 2) Substitute equation 1 in general formula of percentage as shown by equation 2 Percent % (ratio between intensity of two biological events) ={ a }x 100 (eq 3) b Usually biological data can comprise of in a range of very small value to very large and hence it is important to convert it on Log10. The general formula for expressing any numerical variable is shown by equation 4 as follow Number(N) on Log 10 scale= Log10(N) (equation 4) Substitute equation 3 into equation 4 Log 10(ratio between intensity of two biological events) =Log10 { a x 100}(eq 5) b Technical limitation associated with use of Log10 scale While expressing any data on Log10 the difficulty arises when it is needed to express integral 0 on Log10 scale (Log10(0)=infinity). In order to cope with this difficulty 1 or any fraction of number that falls within permissible limit of error (5%) is added in all the data in its untreated form. Since the value added is added in every observation and magnitude of value is very little, so it s effect is nullified when data is converted on Log10 scale. In later stages the data can easily be plotted on any type of graphs as discussed in later part of this chapter. Significance of error in decision making and predictions on biological data Every data collected has certain extent of error present into it depending upon experimentation design, procedures and method of taking observations. This error needs to be evaluated before using the data for testing any hypothesis, decision making or predictions. It is defined as tentative variation on negative and positive scale in a set of observations from actual value. The actual numerical value of a biological effect is (B). An experiment was done to note this biological effect. The experiment was repeated N times e.g. (N1 N2 N3 Nt) to showing observations B as (B1 B2 B3.Bt) respectively. The first stage in calculation the error is to find an average The general formula for Average is Average = sum of numerical values of individual observation eq 6 Number of times the observation was taken Substitute the values in equation 6 Average ={B1+ B2+.Bt} eq 7 {Nt} Sum of values of observations ={B1+ B2+.Bt}is shown by S{B} No of times the experiment was repeated {Nt} ={N} Substitute the value in equations in equation 7 Average= S{B} equation 8 {N} Lets value of Average be represented by X Substitute in equation 7 Average = X Second stage is to find the difference between each numerical value of observation and Average = B1-X, B2-XBt-X, Third stage is to square each of the difference =B1-X)2,(B2-X)2, (B3-X)2(Bt-X)2 Fourth stage is to add the square of differences =(B1-X)2+(B2-X)2+(Bt-X)2 Fifth stage is to divide square sum of difference of average of individual numerical variable with number of observations e.g N =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,..(Bt-X)2 N Standard deviation or Error is obtained by taking square root of the quotient obtained by dividing the square sum of difference between the average and the individual numerical variable with number of observations. =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,..(Bt-X)2 N It is an integral value that is expressed, as on negative as well as positive scale e.g if error calculated is 3 then it would be +3 as well as 3. It represents a range within which actual value may lie. In olden days, such calculations were done with the help of calculator but now same work can be done more easily by using different software e.g. excel with computer as a tool. It is often very different to understand the effect underlying in any biological data by merely looking at numerical values. The different types of graphs are used for visual presentation of effect by trends available in data The most commonly types of graphs that are used for the presentation of data are given in figure 2.The same data for different sample e.g. A, B, C is presented on percentage scale by using horizontal and vertical bars whereas error is shown by error bars .Another set of data for sample D, E, F was presented by line graph. Data analysis to decide the status of hypothesis After the mathematical and statistical treatment of raw data a logical ground built up by comparing certain numerical values or more often represented on graphs to accept, modify or reject any hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic, 100 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated in same volume in mediums with concentration as X, 3X and 70X respectively to make final concentration of each medium as 100 cells/ml.(Sample D contains 3X concentration medium, Sample E contains X concentration and Sample F contains 70X concentration). The medium were kept at 600C for 1x104hours and cells were assayed for viability after 10 hrs, 100, hours, 1000hrs and 10000 hrs respectively. The viability being dependent value was plotted on a graph Y axis against the time in hours after expressing the value on Log 10 scale. Different data points taken on the graph are sufficiently scattered and can not be joined by a straight line accommodating all the point on it. The trend line can be drawn manually by accommodating maximum number of points and leaving as many point above the line as many are there below that line. Such a manually drawn line can not be used for any type of scientific predictions. Otherwise highly precise trend line for a given data can be drawn as explained in section given in the end of the chapter that can be used for making decisions on a given hypothesis and for making predictions. The error bars extending on positive as well as negative scale in same magnitude of Y scale is plotted against each observation. The observation that were taken in this experiment are shown as graphs in Figure 2 e.g. Sample D, E and F were presented by using line graphs on Log 10 scale. The trend lines are introduced to show the type of dependency of one parameter on another. As already discussed earlier the biological data is often presented on Log 10 scale to observe the effects in broader prospective and ignore the slight changes especially when study is made on larger populations of samples e.g. cells with a wide range of variations. The data show that sample D and E has got similar trend (with an increase in variable on X axis, there is a decrease on Y axis variable, Y axis is dependent on x axis and is inversely proportional to it) whereas in sample F, Y variable is independent of X variable as no change in Y variable is observed with an increase in X variable and this is evident by a straight trend line. The conclusion drawn as evident by three graphs that number of viable yeast cells were found to decrease with passage of time when concentration of organic content in medium was X in sample E or 3X in sample D that is represented by a slopes in respective graphs. But this effect was found to be lost when organic concentration was raised to 70X in sample F and that is. This experiment supports the hypothesis The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. If reported literature indicate some other type of experiments done to check the same hypothesis then results are compared and reason of the variations if there are any are discussed with scientific reference and is reported in a scientific journal. Research Methodology Theory accepted Modification in hypothesis Publication in scientific Journals Discarding above hypothesis Supporting above hypothesis Results interpretation Different Hypotheses Data analysis Data collection Experimental design for a given hypothesis Literature reported in related area Identification of Biological Problem Interpretation of data The data that is obtained is interpreted to draw scientific conclusions. The reported literature is used to give explanation of the conclusion drawn. In the light of conclusion drawn either the hypothesis is accepted, rejected or is modified. If the hypothesis is proven correct with experiments, then it is known as a theory. Scientific articles based on proven hypothesis e.g. theory, disapproved or modified hypothesis are written by scientist involved in research and are sent for publication in scientific journals. Biological Problem as an example A school teacher planned an excursion for students and took paramedic staff equipped with sample collection facility to country side area to study the prevalence of any non contiguous disease in human beings and animals. Malaria is an example of non contiguous disease that is spread only by infected female mosquito is malaria and is a matter of great concern. As reported in newspapers and other literature there was a population of 100,000 people living with minimal facilities of life that on a huge natural water reservoir for drinking water. Recent heavy rain resulted in collection of water of stagnant water and much of this water in later stage drained in reservoir. The students prepared a report explaining how did they use biological methodology to study this case. a) Identification of problem Prevalence of certain incidences of disease symptoms similar to malaria in a given locality was identified as a biological problem. Students wrote the following note after referring the literature about malaria to get basic information about disease. Please refer the picture given below and the literature cited in later part of this chapter. From Mala aria ( bad air) to Malaria-over a period of time Malaria has been a matter of concerns since very beginning. Understanding about malaria has changed over a period of time. Initially it was considered to be caused by some supernatural power. Supported with the findings of higher incidences near the marshy area, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air that is found near marshy areas. With the emergence of germ theory malaria by Louis Pasteur (1852-1895) was thought to be caused by any bacteria. It is strongly believed until Charles Louis Alphonse Laveron (1845-1922) during microscopy of Blood from infected patients observed causative agent of malaria in 1880 and later on reported it to Academy of Medicine in Paris. Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1940) who was associated with George Washington University on basis of supporting reports presented the idea that mosquitoes are the mean of transmission of malaria (vector) and discarded the opinion that bad air in marshy area has any role in causing malaria. On basis of his data he suggested that proper netting can help to control the incidences of malaria in Washington. Ronald Ross (1857-1932) was a physician, who studied the life cycle of malarial parasite in mosquites e.g (different stages of parasite infection with a change in morphology) and its transfer to human beings and birds. In 1898 Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) on basis of understanding about malaria obtained by published literature set an experiment to infect a person who never had malaria (with his permission) in an area of Rome where there was not any case of malaria reported and mosquitoes were not found by exposing the person with Anopheles clavigar for ten night and later on patient developed the symptoms. On basis of his experiment he proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes in human beings that carries the causative agent Plasmodium. The complete cycle of P. falciparum was observed by Grassi Bignami and Bastianelli in 1899 and the work has been published by Grassi in 1900. The life cycle of Plasmodium has three reproduction stages with different morphologies (shapes). The mosquitoes inject sporozoites in human being s skin that through blood goes to liver where they multiply and change into Merozoites.The second cycle of multiplication does into RBC. Some of the meroziotes after passing through reproductive cycle in RBC converts into gametocytes (male and female gemates) and enters in gut of mosquitoes when they suck blood from an infected human being where they undergo sexual reproduction to zygote which later on converts Oocyst. Oocyste after under going asexual reproduction burst to release newly formed sporozoites that enters in salivary gland of mosquitoes At the site students made a survey of that area and noted the initial observation with the help of photography. They found that not only human being but also the birds are affected by the disease Initial Findings They found that the reservoir (a) was associated with dark places where high populations of mosquitoes can be seen (b).Beside that a few sick birds were also found resting on ground. Diseased patients report to an increase in high fever with shivering that stays for some times and then fever become low or even normal with sweating or even without it. These symptoms are repeated with intervals and patient feels weakness. Initial findings support that the disease is malaria. b) On the basis of their initial findings the following hypothesis was built up. The disease may be Malaria and is caused by Plasmodium Experimentation Plasmodium infect the red blood cells. In order to established that diseased people are suffering from malaria at least 63 patients having disease were bled to collect blood samples. This type of sample that is under study is called as test sample. Blood were taken from at least 50 healthy who do not have any symptoms of disease. Since these people do not have any symptoms of disease it is very likely that Plasmodium may never be detected in their blood. Such a sample that is known to give a negative test is a called a negative control The blood and water samples were collected in collection tubes specially designed for this purpose. The fixed slides of infected Red Blood Cell (RBC) were purchased from the market and was taken as positive control. (a)The sample was not only collected from human beings but also from the diseased animals as well. That the blood of each sample was spread on a glass slide, fixed and stained with Giemsia and was observed under microscope. (b)Beside that the blood samples from infected people were inoculated (added) in RPMI-1640 medium (name of medium used for the growth of Plasmodium that also contain RBC) present in bottle and were incubated to grow causative agent of the disease under laboratory conditions. The sample from these bottles were observed under microscope for presence of Plasmodium after 72 hours of incubation. Furthermore, the surface water from stagnant regions of reservoir was collected in a container and was assayed for presence of larvae of mosquitoes with help of magnifying glass. Laboratory Safety Procedure All the containers having biological material was heated at 1210 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes to kill every type of living cells before discarding them. The chemical agents were discarded as described in their respective safety manuals Result Microscopy results show that the Red Blood Cell of diseased people were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The causative agent of the disease was successfully found to grow in the medium that supports the growth of Plasmodium (Figure 3) and that was confirmed by microscopy e.g Plasmodium were found in the sample from medium under microscope and slides observed were found similar as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Plasmodium Figure 7 The blood sample after mixing with other reagent (as shown with white arrow indicating towards a tube) is then inoculated into the bottle ( as shown in picture) ( source Nature Protocols courtesy to Nature Publishing Group) The surface water samples that was taken from the stagnant water collected near water reservoir were found of have mosquitoes larvae in large number as is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The results that includes, presence of large number of mosquitoes larvae near the site of outbreak, Plasmodium was found in the infected blood of diseased people, that was successfully grown in the medium and conditions specific confirm that the outbreak is of malaria that was caused by Plasmodium. Skill development to solve a Biological Problem Report A report comprising the incidences of malaria during the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, in three different cities was published in a newspaper. The patient were treated by using drug A and attempt to kill mosquitoes were made by spraying B into environment and adding in water collection. Out of these report related to three cities is given below. In Karachi 530 malarial cases were reported in year of 2002, 534760 in 2003 and 12345668 in 2004 respectively. The mortality reported in these years were 98 in 2002, 120001 in 2003 and 5408889 in 2004.The rain fall recorded in Karachi for year 2002 is 50mm, 2003 is 100 mm and 10,000 mm in 2004.The drug resistance was found in 12 cases in 2002, 60009 cases in 2003 and 9900099 cases in 2004. In 2002, 134 malarial cases were reported in Faisalabad where as in 2003 and 2004 the reported numbers were 1237 and 1379 respectively. The mortality reported in years 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 10, 99, 115 respectively. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 12 mm in 2002, 58 mm in 2003 and 89 mm in 2004.The antimalarial drug resistance was found to be in 2 cases in 2002 , 79 cases in 2003 and 91 cases in 2004. In a similar study that was conducted in Gilgit during these three years, it was found that malaria affected 325 people in 2002, 135 people in 2003 and 350 people in 2004.There were 10 people reported to be died of malarial disease in 2002, 8 people in 2003 and 17 people in 2004. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 130, 120, 105 mm in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The resistance against anti malarial drug found in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 9, 4, 9 respectively. Source ( It is an imaginary situation given with data to help student develop research skills) Research Methodology Step 1 Identification of problem from published literature After reading the above mentioned findings, management of heavy occurrence of malarial disease has been identified as a problem. Step 2 literature search for generating the hypothesis taking malaria as a test case Malaria is a very common infectious disease that is commonly associated with poverty. It is caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium species that is transferred to human being blood circulation system by the vector Anopheles mosquitos bite(1). Literature show that malarial outbreaks can be related with rainfall in that area (2). Malaria is more common in urban area than in cities. However in Africa it is present in both rural and urban areas (3,4)No literature is available about the relation of malarial incidence with location of the place with height above sea level. The occurrence of malarial outbreak can be related with presence of stagnant water that can support the mosquito survival in populations. Heavy use of anti-malarial drugs and mosquito cidal sprays is reported to produce resistance in the protozoa against commonly used drugs (5). 1) Cox F (2002). History of Human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 595-612. 2) Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S. 2005 An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa. Malar J 4(1): 6. 3) Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P 2005.Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2): 201-8. 4) Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl): 118-27. 5)Rieckmann, K.H.2006 The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(8) 647-662 6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria (The Scientific literature is presented with citation of references as is shown in above paragraph) Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis with help of published literature After reading the reported literature as mentioned above following hypothesis can be deduced. Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Step 4 Experimental design The data for the parameters analyzed was collected by using standard methods e.g. microscopy of infected blood samples at different hospitals and was published in a newspaper as a scientific report. Step 5 Presentation of Raw data The above mentioned data is presented below in tabular form. Karachi Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to anti-malarial drug A 2002 530 98 50 12 2003 534760 120001 100 60009 2004 12345668 5408889 10000 9900099 Average/year 4293652.667 1842996 3383.33 3320040 Faisalabad Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to antimalarial drug A 2002 134 10 12 2 2003 1237 99 58 79 2004 1379 115 89 91 Average/year 916.666 74.6666 53 57.333 Gilgit Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to antimalarial drug A 2002 325 10 130 9 2003 135 8 120 4 2004 350 17 11000 9 Average/year 270 11.6666 3750 7.333 Data Analysis (a) Data was analyzed by using different mathematical tools. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.264 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 Average/year 5.1812 28.247 1.4188 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2003 2.130 5.92 0.77 2004 2.54 4.8 0.68 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.64 Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of incidences of malarial disease with amount of rainfall. The frequency of incidence of malarial cases seems to be dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places but this dependency is diminished at places at higher altitude from sea level. Theory The data supports the hypothesis that incidences of malarial cases are dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places and it is accepted as theory. Publication A scientific paper is written on present understanding accommodating the latest finding obtained and sent to scientific Journals. Hypothesis Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Data analysis Theory incidences of malarial cases is dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places. Result s interpretation How to draw a best fitted line for a given data A data for a biological experiment, having n different independent variables such x1 x2 x3..xn and its dependent variables y 1 y2 y3..yn is needed to be plotted with best fit line or regression line. Trendline, best fitted line, slope Regression line least square line are the different terms used for the same thing. The general formula is y=mx+bequation 1Y axis where m=slope, b=y-intercept Intercept is a point where a line passes an X axis. Y-intercept represents the value of Yb=y-intercept at which a line crosses it ( x=0). Slope= m=n(Sxy)-( Sx)( Sy) - equation 2n(Sx2)- (Sx)2Y-Intercept =b=Sy- m(Sx)equation 3n Where Sxy=x1y1+x2y2+x3y3xnyn Sx= x1+x2+x3xn Sy= y1+y2+y3..yn r = +1 Sx2= x12+x22+x32..xn2 The values for Slope=m and y-Intercept=b are calculated after putting the values for individual variables in equation 2 and 3 respectively The calculated values for Slope=m and Intercept=b are substituted in equation 1. A best fitted line graph is drawn by plotting the values calculated for y by using equation 1 for a given value of x after substituting the calculated value of slope=m and y-intercept. The Co-efficient of correlation is a quantitative measure to represent how well the data points got accommodated on the trend line.The value of r ranges from 1 to +1. It is-1 for a negative slope line and +1 for a r = -1 positive slope line. The value of r when is closer to zero represents poorer fitted data whereas better fitted data is shown by a value closer to either 1 or +1. Co-efficient of co-relation = n(Sxy)-( Sx)( Sy) [n(Sx2) -(Sx)2 ]0.5 [n(Sy2) -(Sy)2 ]0.5 Exercise Answer following question How is superstition different than hypothesis? Each time the observation is recorded is usually slightly different than earlier observation recorded in the same conditions. In such a situation how does it expected that error is decreased with increase in number of recording the observation? Can any one get an error free observation? Justify your answer with scientific reasons. A student was given a task to measure the length of two piece of clothes (A) was of length 150.75 cm whereas B was with 3.25cm with either of two tapes one having 1 cm as a least count with a capacity to measure a length of 50 cm whereas other with a least count of 0.2 cm for a measurement of length of 10.50. Which of these two measuring tape is more suitable for measurement of piece A and which one more is suitable for measurement of B with least error in both the cases. Please explain your answer with scientific reasons. Why does most of biological data is plotted on the graph on log10 scale? Please encircle the most appropriate answer. 1) The scientific experiments are done. times to ensure that data and findings of the experiment are reproducible. a) one time b) more than one (c) none of them 2) If the results of experiment in the three set of experiments e.g. test, positive control and negative control are same then it means a) There has been some technical problem due to which experiment has not worked b) Experiment worked very well c) None of them 3) A positive control experiment is set to gives a result same as- in a given set of conditions a) positive b) as negative result c) test 4) A Negative control experiment is set to gives a result same as- in a given set of conditions a) positive b) as negative result c) test 5) The results of an experiment that was done at one set obtained at one set of conditions are expected to be- when the same experiment is done at different set of conditions. a) same b) different c) identical Please match the complementary words given in two column Source of error in data collection (a) Random sampling (b)Several Replicate of experiments are done at a given conditions Method to minimize the error (d) Eating of Fish with milk causes vitiligo e)Light is source of energy Superstition (f)Handing of sample (g)Variation in conditions of experiments (h)Recording of data Theory (i) Biasness in sampling (j)Air contains oxygen Theory discarded(k) Sun rotates round the earth (l)Light comes out of eyes Thinking Exercise for implication of scientific methodology a) Please imply the scientific methodology to establish the status( accepted, rejected, modified) on at least two hypothesis related to above given problem deduced after referring the scientific literature cited. Student and teachers are encouraged to use excel. Solution Part 1. Since the problem is same so step 1 and step 2 are identical as done earlier to generate a hypothesis listed below Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis in light of literature Another hypothesis that was built up on basis of scientific literature given is listed below Incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level b) Data analysis to find out the effect of altitude above sea level on incidences of malarial cases. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortalit-y) Log10 (Rain fall)( mm) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.264 1.698 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 4 Average/year 5.1812 28.216 1.4188 2.566 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial incidence reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall) (mm) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 1.079 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 1.7634 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 1.949 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 1.5973 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)(mm) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2.11 2003 2.130 5.92 0.772321 2.07 2004 2.54 4.8 0.6812 4.0413 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.6471 2.74043 The average malarial incidences reported during three years were plotted against the altitude of different cities on log scale. Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of incidences of malarial disease on altitude of places The incidences of malarial cases seems to be independent on altitude of places as there is considerable decrease in incidences observed in Faisalabad which is just 292m above sea level in comparison to Karachi whereas there is not much difference in number of incidences of malaria reported in Faisalabad and Gilgit whereas Gilgit is 1200m higher above the sea level as compare to Faisalabad. Hypothesis On the basis of above mentioned reason the hypothesis that incidences of malarial cases decreases with increases in altitude has been discarded. Theory On the basis of studies it is established that the incidences of malarial cases does not decrease with increase in altitude. Publication The scientific finding that the incidences of malarial cases does not decrease with increase in altitude. Incidence of malaria cases does not decrease with increase in altitude is accepted Part 2. Since it is the continuation of earlier problem so step 1 and step 2 will remain the same. Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis in light of literature Another hypothesis deduced on basis of finding reported is Resistance to malarial drug decreases with increase in height above sea level e.g. related occurrence with malarial incidences c) Data analysis to find out the effect of altitude above sea level on incidences of resistance against malarial drug A cases. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial incidence) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)(mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log 10(% Resistance against anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.266 1.698 2.26 0.3541 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2 11.22 1.0499 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 4 80.19 1.904 Average/year 5.1812 28.216 1.4198 3.529345 77.32437 1.888316 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log 10 (Malarial cases %Mortality Log 10 (%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)( mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log10(% Resistant cases against anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 1.079 1.49 0.173 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 1.7634 6.38 0.8048 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 1.949 6.59 0.8188 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 1.5971 4.82 0.599 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log 10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log 10 (Rain fall)(mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log10(% Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2.11 2.76 0.4423 2003 2.130 5.92 0.772321 2.07 2.9 0.472 2004 2.54 4.8 0.6812 4.0413 2.57 0.410 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.6471 2.74 2.76 0.44142 The average resistance against malarial drug A incidences reported during three years were plotted against the altitude of different cities on log 10 scale. Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of resistance against malarial drug A on altitude of places The data show that prevalence of resistance against malarial drug A is found to be independent of altitude of places Hypothesis On the basis of above mentioned reason the hypothesis that prevalence of resistance against malarial drug A is found to be independent of altitude of places has been discarded Publication A scientific paper is written on present understanding accommodating the latest finding obtained and sent to scientific Journals. Resistance to malarial drug decreases with increase in height above sea level Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level Literature Experiment design Theory incidence of malaria decreases with increase in height above sea level is accepted Hypothesis e.g incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level is accepted Data collection Modified Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial cases seems independent of amount of rainfall at higher attitude places. Data analysis Results interpretation Hypothesis discarded e.g. resistance against malarial disease decreases with increase in altitude of place Modified Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial cases seems independent of amount of rainfall at higher attitude places but is dependent at sea level. Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial disease decreases with altitude of place is modified Theory incidences of malarial cases is dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places.

Five forces analysis of Carillion Construction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2826 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Carillion Construction  is the building division of  Carillion PLC,  the Wolverhampton ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“based building and services company, founded in 1999 (Carillion, 2014a). The organisationÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s overall portfolio covers services, maintenance and infrastructural support, (through  Carillion Rail), civil engineering, and construction (Carillion, 2014a). Although based in the UK,  Carillion  also operates internationally, undertaking construction contracts in Canada, the Caribbean, and the Middle East (Carillion, 2014a).  Carillion ConstructionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  core business lies in the construction and/or refurbishment of large public and private projects, including hospitals, hotels, theatres, sport facilities, and major transport hubs (Carillion, 2014a). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Five forces analysis of Carillion Construction" essay for you Create order Competition from existing firms As Brandenburger (2002) points out, the five forces competitive model as envisaged by Porter is well adapted for situations where a large business is competing in a market with a small number of other incumbents. In this respect, it may be argued that the most substantial commercial threat to  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  business is that posed by existing incumbents in the construction market. For example, the companyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s attempts to expand its market share through a merger with its rival  Balfour Beatty  were thwarted when the latter rejected a  £3bn deal in September 2014 (Plummer et al., 2014). Under the UKÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s takeover rules,  Carillion  cannot now initiate another bid until February 2015, effectively blocking its strategy of creating a dominant UK firm with a workforce of 80,000 (Massoudi et al., 2014). This means that  Carillion  must now compete within the existing field of market incumbents, including  John Laing PLC  and  AMEC PLC  (Hoovers, 2014). In HR terms this implies ongoing uncertainty over job descriptions and incomes for employees (Brooks, 2003). The Threat of Substitutes In literal terms, there is not currently a substitute for  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  products in the sense envisaged by Porter (1980), since neither infrastructure nor buildings can be supplanted by alternative offerings. In this respect,  Carillion  is safe from this kind of pressure for the time being; changes could however occur, if for example environmental pressures enforced radical changes in transport policy (Carbon Trust, 2005). As Porter (1980, p.51) cautions regarding sustainable competitive advantage ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Virtually any advantage can be replicated sooner or laterÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Pressure from Consumers CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  consumers comprise both public and private organisations; since the 2008-9 financial crash, demand from both sectors has weakened; as theFinancial Times  cautioned at the time of the crash, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“With sharp falls in private sector construction currently and anticipated falls in public sector construction in the medium term, it is unlikely that even the large contractors will be isolated from the downturnÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (Hammond, 2009, p.1). In the case of public contracts in particular,  Carillion  faces a high degree of pressure arising from operating standards and safety; it  was, for example, fined by the UK Health and Safety Executive in 2013 for safety breaches during a road construction project (BBC, 2013). However,  Carillion  has a generally favourable relationship with the UK government, which has to be considered one of its m ain consumers; Philip Green, the companyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s non-executive director, is an advisor to the current Prime Minister David Cameron on corporate responsibility issues (Massoudi et al., 2014). This is significant, because  Carillion,  in keeping with industry standards, is under increasing pressure from regulators over issues such as solid waste disposal (Napier, 2013). Building site waste represents the highest single source of solid waste going to landfill, constituting between 25 and 40 per cent of the overall waste stream (Napier, 2013). In some European states, the proportion is as high as 60 per cent (Institute of Civil Engineers 1995). Correspondingly, the European Union now stipulates that all future buildings should be designed for disassembly, with arrangements for the training of staff in place; as it explains, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“The cost of deconstruction is higher than that of demolition due to the labour intensive nature o f deconstruction. Public grants may therefore be necessary to trigger the momentum towards the implementation of theÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦directive and face these additional costsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (European Commission, 2011, p.107). Building waste must now be sorted into separate materials, for which different procedures apply; for example, asphalt concrete has to be broken up and recycled; unused concrete must be broken down to a granular size of 100mm and either crushed or re-used for sub-foundations (EPA, 2007; European Union, 2013). Meticulous records have to be kept regarding these processes (EPA 2007). To support this initiative, the UK government has reduced the availability of landfill disposal; the remaining sites charge gate fees of between  £90 and  £135 for every ton of building waste (European Commission, 2011). Equally important for an international contractor such as  Carillion Construction,  is the fact that these t ypes of arrangements are also being established in other markets, such as the Middle East and China (Al-Sabbagh et al., 2012; AME, 2013; Hu et al., 2010). To meet these kinds of pressures from consumers,  Carillion  has to ensure that both value management and end of life play an integral part in its value proposition. In HRM terms, this suggests that  Carillion  has to carefully manage the changes in job descriptions and contingent psychological contracts as the roles of employees change (Brooks, 2003). Pressure from Suppliers In  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  business context, the term suppliers implies an eclectic range of partners and stakeholders encompassing employees, raw materials providers, utilities and service providers, companies supplying fixed capital and plant, finance and credit providers, certification and insurance providers, trade and industry associations, and planning bodies. All of these partners and stakeholders are suppliers in the sense that they provide either goods or services without which  Carillion  cannot carry out its business. Consequently, the pressure from  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  suppliers currently varies considerably. Raw materials costs are on average rising, despite variable demand; energy costs are variable in the short and medium term, but a longitudinal analysis would show that they are rising overall. Finance costs are relatively low due to the historically low interest rates in the UK and elsewhere, howe ver this has to be balanced against the higher charges made for business accounts, and the relative scarcity of investment capital in the current environment (Massoudi et al., 2014). Overall, the suppliers in the weakest bargaining position are employees and other potential suppliers of labour, including sub-contracting organisations (Massoudi et al., 2014). The depressed state of the construction sector and general stagnation in wages suggests that  Carillion  can maintain wage stability in its own favour, at least for the present (Unattributed,  The Economist,  2013). Unsurprisingly,  Carillion  has established its own extensive internal legal department; this has now grown to meet demand from external clients in the industry, such as  Blue Circle Industries PLC  (Lacity et al., 2014). New Entrants In the construction industry generally, the barriers to entry (in terms of costs and complexity) are high; moreover, the margins in construction as a whole are small (compared to other industries) (Hammond, 2009). It may therefore take some time before a new entrant can achieve profitability, exposing it to risks contingent on its liquidity. Since 2009, the number of contracts available to UK construction companies has diminished by 15 per cent, another factor that makes the current environment hostile to new entrants (Hammond, 2009). Stakeholder Analysis CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  current CSR position suggests that it has a proactive and largely successful stakeholder management process in place, at least in terms of managing public relations. It manages pressure from consumers and environmental groups through the establishment of its 2020 sustainability strategy, taking close account of advice from its independent advisors (Carillion, 2014b). These include Dame Julia Cleverdon of the  PrinceÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Charities  and Jonathan Porrit of the  Forum for the Future  (Carillion,  2014b).  This effort is also used to co-opt  Carillion  employees into the overall sustainability effort; as Cleverdon reports, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“The engagement of employees in the sustainability journey has been particularly exciting this yearÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦illustrating the critical importance of employees in the front line, developing innovative and ingenious solutionsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (Carillion,  2014b, p.1). Meanwhile the views of Porritt suggest the limits of  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  stakeholder and CSR effort; as he puts it, the current efforts are still insufficient; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“If all of  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  endeavours were to be multiplied a thousand-fold, across the economy as a whole, that equally clearly wouldnÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t be enough. We shouldnÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t go on asking companies like  Carillion  simply to do more and more every year; we should really be working out how best to change the systemÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (Carillion,  2014b, p.1). What this suggests is that  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  stakeholder positioning stops short of the optimum development as theoretically outlined in ArnsteinÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ladder model (Lopez, 2009). In the eight steps of this model, stakeholders are gradually moved from the first stage (manipulation) to the second (therapy), both of which imply non-participation in the organisationÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s decision-making (Lopez, 2009). The subsequent stages are informing, consultation, and placation, all of which imply an inherent tokenism (Lopez, 2009). Only by reaching the sixth step does the stakeholder achieve genuine partnership, whilst delegated power is usually granted to those to reach the seventh (Lopez, 2009). Full citizen control is only achieved by those who reach the eighth and final stage (Lopez 2009). The point here is that  CarillionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s  current stakeholder management effort does not imply that the latter has been achieved, either in terms of consumers, or internal stakeholders such as employees. This situation may be illustrated through reference to the activiti es of Philip Green, a non-executive director at the firm (Massoudi et al., 2014). GreenÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s previous experience covers a lot of industries where environmental and social issues are paramount, such as water provider  United Utilities,  shipping company  Royal PO Nedloyd,  the news group  Reuters  and logistics firm  DHL  in Europe and Africa  (Massoudi et al., 2014). Green is well established in the global charitable and NGO sphere; he founded the joint British-South African charity group  Hope Through Action,  which supports disadvantaged groups through sport (Massoudi et al., 2014). Green is also chairman of  Sentebale,  the charity set up by Prince Harry to assist young people living in Lesoto (Massoudi et al., 2014). These activities culminated in Green being awarded the CBE, and being appointed as an adviser to Prime Minister David Cameron on CSR affairs (Massoudi et al., 2014). The significance of GreenÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â ‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s overall contribution to stakeholder engagement at  Carillion  should not be underestimated; as Schwartz et al. (2012, p.24) have argued, directors, executives, and managers must be aware of their ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Personal theoretical CSR position and how this may be affecting their business decisions on behalf of the firm or its shareholdersÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. However, GreenÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s position also suggests that stakeholder management at  Carillion  remains firmly under the control of the executives, with little prospect of citizen input in the manner identified by Arnstein (Lopez, 2009). The impact on employeesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ motivation also needs to be considered here; the latter can derive considerable intrinsic (i.e. intangible) rewards from contributing to CSR management, and this cannot occur without meaningful input (Brooks, 2003). 3. Reflective Journal Week 1 Curiosity The experience of initially researching the topic reinforced an understanding of the value of this process, as well as its complexity. Investigating a topic comprehensively and holistically could also be a creative process, demanding insight from the researcher. Decision-making The corollary to the above was that the importance of decision-making was also emphasised; the resources (e.g. of time) available for research are usually finite, so the researcher must identify the most relevant and productive areas for study. Week 2 This phase of the work illustrated the fact that a research approach could be a highly personal experience, that was difficult to externalise and/or share with others. Abstracting this issue across other contexts, it was realised that other skills could be required, such as the ability to motivate others and/or manage their performance. Week 3 Experiences in week three suggested the importance of developing collaborative skills that could augment the conventional academic study experience, for example team-building skills, communication, and delegation. References Al-Sabbagh, M., Velis, C., Wilson, D., and Cheesman, C., (2012), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Resource management performance in Bahrain: a systematic analysis of municipal waste management, secondary material flows, and organisational aspectsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  Waste Management and Research,  30, pp.813-824. AME info, (2013)  ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“QatarÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s preparations for world cup 2022 gather steamÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  [online] Available at https://www.ameinfo.com/qatars-preparations-world-cup-2022-gather-299948 [Accessed 16th October 2014]. 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Gallagher, D., and Weinthal, E., ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Business-state relations and the environment: the evolving role of corporate social responsibilityÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, in Steinberg, P., and VanDeveer, S., (eds), (2012),  Comparative Environmental Politics,  Boston: MIT, pp.143-171. Goul Andersen, J., and Tobiasen, M., ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Who are these political consumers anyway? Survey evidence from DenmarkÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, in Micheletti, M., Follesdal, A., and Stolle, D., (eds), (2006),  Politics, Products, and Markets: Exploring Political Consumerism,  New Jersey: Transaction, pp.203-222. Grisini, P., and Seppala, N., (2010),  Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility,  Andover:  South Western/Cengage. Hadjikhani, A., Elg, U., and Ghauri, (eds) (2012),  Business, society and politics; multinationals in emerging markets,  Bingley: Emerald. Hammond, E., (2009), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Builders warn of delayed recoveryÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  Financial Times,  4th  October, [online] available at   https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/34cef4fc-b101-11de-b06b-00144feabdc0,dwp_uuid=18a58248-385b-11dd-8aed-0000779fd2ac.html  [Accessed 16th  October]. Holt, K., Bepler, T., and MacElveen, K. G., (2009), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Leading the Green EvolutionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, Organisation Development,  9(7): pp.1-11. Hoovers, (2014),  Top compe titors for Carillion PLC,  [online], available at   https://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/competition.Carillion_plc.feeffd1759cadf56.html   [Accessed 16th  October]. Hu, M., Van der Voet, E., and Huppes, G., (2010), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Dynamic material flow analysis for strategic construction and demolition waste management in BeijingÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  Journal of Industrial Ecology,  14(3), pp.440-456. Hurrell, A., and Woods, N., (1999),  Inequality, Globalization and World Politics,  Oxford: Oxford University Press. Institute of Civil Engineers, (1995),  Managing and Minimising Construction Waste,  London: Telford. Jennings, M., (2012),  Business: Its legal, ethical and global environment,  Stamford CT: Cengage. Lacity, M., Willcocks, L., and Burgess, A., (2014),  The rise of legal services outsourcing,  London: Bloomsbury. Legendre, S., and Coderre, F., (2012), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…â €œDeterminants of GRI G3 Application Levels: The case of the Fortune Global 500ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,  pp.1-29. Lopez, M., (2009),  European Citizenship in the process of Construction,  Brussels: Council of Europe Publishing. Massoudi, A., Barrett, C., and Gray, A., (2014), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Carillion abandons pursuit of Balfour BeattyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  Financial Times,  20th  August, 2014, [online], available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fd63fe22-2833-11e4-b085-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3GQD4ls1j   [Accessed 16  th  October 2014]. Myerson, J.M., (2007),  RFID in the Supply Chain, A Guide to Selection and Implementation,  New York: Auerbach Publications. Napier, T., (2013), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Construction Waste ManagementÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  National Institute of Building Sciences, [on line] Available at   https://www.wbdg.org/resources/construction-waste-management [Accessed 16th October 2014]. Plummer, G., Baarret, C., and Oakley, D., (2014), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Balfour Beatty warns on profits for fifth timeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,  Financial Times,  29th  September, p.7. Porter, M. 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I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay - 1097 Words

Maya Angelou was considered numerus things during her life she was an author, poet, actor, director, singer, dancer, writer and civil rights activist. She was considered one of the most renowned and influential voices of current views. She is one of the few recognisable civil rights activist working right beside Martin Luther Jr and many other leaders including presidents. Working in the Reagan and Bush ad ministry. She wrought a best-selling auto biography â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings†. Trough-out her legacy she continuously created poems promoting civil rights from her personal and social views. â€Å"still I rise â€Å"is one of her earlier working but is still consider one of the greatest poems on discussing the social views at the time of tis publishing and still hold value to todays current events. This text will be Analysing the poem â€Å"still I rise† But first discussing the experiences that Maya Angelou has gone through. Then Analysing the core me ssage that the poem and how the two relates. Maya Angelou was born in St. louis Missouri in 1928 April 4th where she was named Marguerite Johnson. At the age of 7 her parents separated and she and her younger brother Baily were force to move with her father’s mother Annie Henderson In Stamp’s Arkansas. Due to the growing issues of racism in the southern area of America Marguerite witness the police brutality and discrimination from society firsthand. This was due the large uproar that was happening in the south at the time inShow MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1555 Words   |  7 Pages28th of May 2014, she was an Activist, acclaimed American poet, storyteller and autobiographer. However, all her accomplishments were born out of abuse, violence, neglect and pain, that she wrote about in her autobiographical novel, I know why the caged bird sings which was published in 1969. In the book, she wrote not only about the conflicts that plagued her for much of her life but also how the role they played in her life. Particular problem areas discussed include, the difficulties she experiencedRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1445 Words   |  6 PagesPresentation I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a self-portraying record of Maya Angelou that shows how cherish for writing and having a solid character can assume a huge part in conquering bigotry and misery. Throughout the story, it is clear that Maya changes from being a setback of bigotry to end up distinctly a young lady with self-nobility and character that helps her to conquer partiality. The setting of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings concentrates on the issues connected with bigotry thatRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings948 Words   |  4 PagesAngelou is a poet and award-winning author known for her acclaimed memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and her many poetry and essay collections. So many things happen to Maya Angelou but she was amazing and a brave woman too not everyone would be same after what happen to her. Maya Angelou has become the most amazing singer, dancer, actress, poet and writer she is even an author of autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Singsâ₠¬  a book that tells the things that setback and helped Maya to be who sheRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1126 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou was a gifted woman with one of the greatest voices of African American literature. Previously known as Marguerite Johnson, she was one of the most important women of our time. She was best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Not only was Maya Angelou able to overcome all the racial discriminations and interferences that she endured growing up, she was also able to prove to many people what a successful African American author and activist she was. 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Another way that this theme is shown throughout the book is the way that she words things in the beginning, vs the way that she words things in the end. The change in her w riting style and her language shows this. Not only was sheRead MoreEssay on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1319 Words   |  6 Pagesstreet cars 5) Key Statements About the Character amp;nbsp;a) â€Å"Ritie, don’t worry ‘cause you ain’t pretty. Plenty of pretty women I seen digging ditches or worse. You smart. I swear to God, I rather you have a good mind than a cute behind.† (p.56) amp;nbsp;b) â€Å"In those moments I decided that although Baily loved me he couldn’t help. †¦ I knew that because I loved him so much I could never hurt him† (p. 73) 6) Key Actions amp;nbsp;a) Father comes to Stamps and takes them to their mother amp;nbsp;b) MovesRead MoreEssay on I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1048 Words   |  5 Pagescontribute to the way she grows up and the person she becomes. 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Over all, the highly segregated life she led, her exclusion socially

How To Get An Answer In An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

How To Get An Answer In An Inspector Calls Essay Compare and contrast two characters from the play An Inspector Calls. Explain how Priestly uses them to show the different ideas and values of the older and younger generations.  In the play An Inspector Calls a young girl called Eva Smith commits suicide by drinking disinfectant and we see the reaction of the Birling family when they find out they all had a part in her death. The older and younger generations react differently to Eva Smiths death. Priestly wrote the play An Inspector Calls in winter 1944-1945. The play was set in spring 1912 and it was first performed in 1946, in London.  An Inspector Calls was a well made play because their was a progression of ignorance to knowledge both characters and audience.  I am comparing Sybil Birling and Shelia Birling, Sybil Birling is part of the older generation and Shelia is part of the younger generation. Shelia is warm hearted and affectionate. Shelia will take blame for what she has done. Sybil is cold and snobbish. She is also prejudiced and doesnt like change. She will not take blame for Eva Smiths death. We will write a custom essay on How To Get An Answer In An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the first scene the characters are sat round a table celebrating Shelia and Geralds engagement. This means the audience focus on them because there is no action so the audience concentrate on what they are saying. This is important to hear their conversation because in the first scene this is where we can tell what their character is like. Priestly manages to keep the play constant and contributes action to the play with no distraction. The Birlings dining room is constant throughout, the action and dialogue contribute to the central theme of the play with nothing extraneous to distract the audiences attention. From their performance in the first act we can tell that Arthur Birling is rather portentous, Sybil his wife is rather cold Shelia is very pleased with life. Eric is characterised as half shy, half assertive and Gerald Croft is described as the easy well-bred young man about town. The first scene gives the audience a sense of unease by the ironic references to the war, which was to follow, and the Titanic, which was to sink on its first voyage.  Also in the first scene the lighting is soft and intimate showing the audience that they are relaxed and comfortable, this lighting will change to brighter and harder when the inspector comes in and will remain like this for the rest of the play. Shelia and Mrs Birling have very different characteristics. Shelia being a much younger character is quite impressionable as the story goes on, where as Mrs Birling refuses to change altogether. Their characteristics are shown in their reactions to Eva Smiths death. Shelia is shown as being young, attractive, sensitive, an honest character. She is one of the very few characters in the play that is impressionable, and deeply affected by what the inspector reveals to her family through the play. In the first act we see that Mrs Birling and Shelia Birling have very few similarities, we can see this by the language they use. Shelia uses slang, whereas Mrs Birling uses no slang as she feels she is a very important respectable character. You are squiffy Shelia uses this expression to tell her brother Eric that he is drunk. The slang she uses helps emphasise her youth whereas Mrs Birling uses words and talks how an upper class woman would. However, at the beginning of the play, when Sheilas story is revealed, she seems to have very similar characteristics to that of her mother. She seems very selfish and full of self-importance. An example of this behaviour, is demonstrated when she gets Eva fired from her job, which was simply, as she admitted later, because she had laughed at her. She felt that she had a very high status in society, which gave her the power to be able to do this. This basically mirrors her mothers attitude, which does not change, at any point in the play. .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef , .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .postImageUrl , .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef , .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:hover , .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:visited , .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:active { border:0!important; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:active , .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub397de09ab3858b02c951b5022b1e0ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Baz Luhrmann releases his new 20th century adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet" EssayBefore the Inspector arrived Mrs Birling is very cold and unpleasant. She is very serious and has no sense of humour.  Now Arthur I dont think you aught to talk business on an occasion like this.  Where as Shelia is pleased with life, happy and rather excited.  Oh Gerald youve got it is it the one you wanted me to have. Shelia doesnt know much about life but this is soon to change.  Shelia was involved with Eva Smiths death because she got her sacked from her job at Millwards as Shelia felt she was being rude.  I caught sight of this girl smiling at Miss Francis as if to say: doesnt she look awful. Eva Smith got a job as a sales assistant in an expensive clothes shop. An important customer (Shelia) who was in a bad mood thought she was giggling at her, so she used her influence and her social class to get her sacked. Miss Birling was involved in Eva Smiths death as she refused her a claim as Eva Smith found she was pregnant and applied for help to a charity. The head of the charity (Mrs Birling) refused her help because she didnt believe her as she lied about her name and then used Birling as her name as well.  She only has herself to blame this is a typical attitude of upper class and she is not sorry at all. Shelia will take responsibility for her part in her death, She feels sorry for Eva Smith because she killed herself like that, but Mrs Birling will not take any blame for it, as she feels it was her own fault. Shelia and Sybils reactions to the Inspector and other family members are very different. At first Shelia is agreeing with the Inspector about her father sacking Eva Smith. (To Birling) I think it was a mean thing to do. Perhaps that spoilt everything for her, here when she found out about Eva she is very quick to protect Eva Smith but not any of the members of her family. Shelia is the only member who shows any genuine sympathy for Eva. But Mrs Birling tries not to believe it because she doesnt want to spoil their family reputation. And she believes her family would not be involved in something like this, she is also shocked to find out that she is involved but feels it wasnt their fault. She doesnt want to hear about Eric and wont believe the truth.