My Current Life Cycle Is The Unattached Adult - 812 Words

My current life cycle is the unattached adult. An emotional issue that is associated with this stage is accepting parent-offspring separation. The stage-critical tasks are differentiation from family of origin, development of peer relations, and initiation of career. I am currently experiencing these stage-critical tasks. I am differentiating myself from my family of origin by exerting my independence. I have been developing peer relations with individuals, and I am currently pursuing a Master’s degree with the hopes of initiating my career. When my parents were my age they were balancing being young unattached adult as well as childbearing unmarried adults. Not only were they balancing school, peer relations, and career, they were also taking on parenting roles. An issue that is pertinent to me is continuing my education before starting a family. My education is my main focus. I view it as a priority and necessity. At my age, my parents did not value there education as a prio rity, but more so as an enhancement. Ethnic Influences Ethnic is a characteristic of individuals within a group sharing a common culture, religion, and or language. Culture is what sets us apart individually. As far as my ethnic identity, I am a single, 23 year old, African American female, who follows Christianity. Being a woman as well as a minority are the two most distinctive factors of my cultural identity. Being raised by a strong black woman, as well as growing up around many otherShow MoreRelatedMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 Pagesbut it mostly fades away and relationship based on infatuation alone will fail. 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Multiplicity Of Influences On Radical Group Boko Haram

Multiplicity of Influences on Radical Group Boko Haram: A Comprehensive Evaluation Megan Yung PO350 December 7, 2014 Abstract: Boko Haram is becoming an increasingly poignant issue on the world stage. There is much research looking to dissect the origins of the group, their motivation, and their goals, but there is no single accepted understanding. This paper looks to gather the different viewpoints to connect them and take a comparative look whether or not they can be compatible or contradictory. These views range from religion, to a manifestation of a class struggle and deprivation theory. Of the explanations selected, all have absolute relevancy, but for the most part only look at single factors rather than looking at combined factors. The following will look to incorporate all of these factors into a cohesive explanation, taking into account the complex environment that Boko Haram has originated Introduction Boko Haram is an extremist militant group in Nigeria with a goal of ultimately changing the current state of Nigeria into a Caliphate under their control. Their beliefs fall under the Muslim sect of Jama’ atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’ Wat, Wal Jihad, an extremist group. (Omadjohwoefe 2013, 82) Understanding their name also helps to gain better knowledge about who they are. Boko translates to â€Å"book† in Arabic, and Haram translates to â€Å"forbidden†, their name means, â€Å"Western education is forbidden† (Agbiboa 2013, 145) There is a dispute of the meaning,

Night World Witchlight Chapter 4 Free Essays

string(119) " only laws are that you can’t tell humans about the Night World and that you can’t fall in love with them\." Winnie’s jaw dropped. â€Å"You-you-keep away from me!† Iliana said, and then she got another breath and started shrieking again. She had good lungs, Keller thought The shrieks were not only loud, they were piercing and pitched high enough to shatter glass. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Witchlight Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keller’s sensitive eardrums felt as if somebody were driving ice picks through them. â€Å"All of you!† Iliana said. She was holding out both hands to fend them off. â€Å"Just let me go! I want to go home!† Winnie’s face cleared a little. â€Å"Yeah, I’ll bet you do. But, you see, that place is dangerous. We’re going to take you somewhere safe-â€Å" â€Å"You kidnapped me! Oh, God, I’ve been kidnapped. My parents aren’t rich. What do you want?† Winnie looked at Keller for help. Keller was watching their prize Wild Power grimly. She was getting a bad feeling about this girl. ‘It’s nothing like that.† She kept her voice quiet and level, trying to cut through the hysteria. â€Å"You-don’t you even talk to me!† Iliana waved a hand at Keller desperately. â€Å"I saw. You changed. You were a monster! There was blood all over- you killed that man.† She buried her face in her hands and began to sob. â€Å"No, she didn’t.† Winnie tried to put a hand on the girl’s shoulder. â€Å"And anyway, he attacked me first.† â€Å"He did not. He didn’t touch you.† The words were muffled and jerky. â€Å"He didn’t touch me, no, but-† Winnie broke off, looking puzzled. She tried again. â€Å"Not with his hands, but-â€Å" In the front seat, Nissa shook her head slightly, amused. â€Å"Boss-â€Å" Tm way ahead of you,† Keller said grimly. This was going to be difficult. Iliana didn’t even know that the dragon was the bad guy. All she had seen was a boy trying to talk with her, a girl inexplicably flying against a wall, and a panther that attacked unprovoked. Keller’s head hurt. â€Å"I want to go home,† Iliana repeated. All at once, with surprising speed, she lunged for the door handle. It took Keller’s animal reflexes to block her, and the movement sent another pang through her injured shoulder. Strangely, as it happened, pain seemed to flicker across Galen’s face. He reached out and gently pulled Iliana back. â€Å"Please don’t,† he said. â€Å"I know this is all really strange, but you’ve got it backwards. That guy who was talking to you-he was going to kill you. And Keller saved you. Now they want to take you somewhere safe and explain everything.† Diana raised her head and looked at him. She looked for a long time. Finally, she said, still almost whispering, â€Å"You’re all right. I can tell.† Can she? Keller wondered. Does she see something in his eyes? Or does she just see that he’s a handsome blond guy with long lashes? â€Å"So you’ll go with her?† Galen asked. Iliana gulped, sniffed, and finally nodded. â€Å"Only if you go, too. And only for a little while. After that, I want to go home.† Winfrith’s face cleared-at least slightly. Keller stopped guarding the door, but she wasn’t happy. â€Å"Straight to the safe house, Boss?† Nissa asked, swinging the car back toward the freeway. Keller nodded grimly. She glanced at Galen. â€Å"You win.† She didn’t have to say the rest. The girl would only go if he went. Which made him a member of the team. For the present. He smiled, very faintly. There was nothing smug in it, but Keller looked again. Nothing was going the way she’d planned. And Winnie might still have faith in her Witch Child, but Keller’s doubts had crystallized. We are all, she thought, in very big trouble. And there was a dragon that might start looking for them at any minute. How fast did dragons recover, anyway? Big trouble, Keller thought. The safe house was a nondescript brick bungalow. Circle Daybreak owned it, and nobody in the Night World knew about it. That was the theory, anyway. The truth was that no place was safe. As soon as they had hidden the limo in an ivy-covered carport in back and Keller had made a phone call to Circle Daybreak headquarters, she told Winnie to set up wards around the house. â€Å"They won’t be all that strong,† Winnie said. â€Å"But they’ll warn us if something tries to get in.† She bustled around, doing witch things to the doors and windows. Nissa stopped Keller on her own trip of inspection. â€Å"We’d better look at your arm.† â€Å"It’s all right.† â€Å"You can barely move it.† Til manage. Go look at Winnie; she hit that wall pretty hard.† â€Å"Winnie’s okay; I already checked her. And, Keller, just because you’re the team leader doesn’t mean you have to be invulnerable. It’s all right to accept help sometimes.† â€Å"We don’t have time to waste on me!† Keller went back to the living room. She’d left Iliana in the care of Galen. She hadn’t actually told him that, but she’d left them alone together, and now she found he’d gotten a root beer from the refrigerator and some tissues from the bathroom. Diana was sitting huddled on the couch, holding the drink and blotting her eyes. She jumped at every noise. â€Å"Okay, now I’m going to try to explain,† Keller said, pulling up an ottoman. Winnie and Nissa quietly took seats behind her. â€Å"I guess the first thing I should tell you about is the Night World. You don’t know what that is, do you?† Iliana shook her head. â€Å"Most humans don’t. It’s an organization, the biggest underground organization in the world. It’s made up of vampires and shapeshifters and witches-well, not witches now. Only a few of the darkest witches from Circle Midnight are still part of it. The rest of them have seceded.† â€Å"Vampires†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Iliana whispered. â€Å"like Nissa,† Keller said. Nissa smiled, a rare full smile that showed sharp teeth. â€Å"And Winnie is a witch. And you saw what I am. But we’re all part of Circle Daybreak, which is an organization for everybody who wants to try to live together in peace.† â€Å"Most of the Night People hate humans,† Winnie said. â€Å"Their only laws are that you can’t tell humans about the Night World and that you can’t fall in love with them. You read "Night World : Witchlight Chapter 4" in category "Essay examples"† â€Å"But even humans can join Circle Daybreak,† Keller said. â€Å"And that’s why you want me?† Iliana looked bewildered. â€Å"Well, not exactly.† Keller ran a hand over her forehead. â€Å"Look, the main thing you need to know about Circle Daybreak is what it’s trying to do right now. What it’s trying to keep from happening.† Keller paused, but there was no easy way to say it â€Å"The end of the world.† â€Å"The end of the world?† Keller didn’t smile, didn’t blink, just waited it out while Iliana sputtered, gasped, and looked at Galen for some kind of sanity. When she finally ran down, Keller went on. â€Å"The millennium is coming. When it gets here, a time of darkness is going to begin. The vampires want it to happen; they want the darkness to wipe out the human race. They figure that then they’ll be in charge.† â€Å"The end of the world,† Iliana said. â€Å"Yes. I can show you the evidence if you want There are all sorts of things happening right now that prove it The world is falling into disorder, and pretty soon it’s going to fall apart. But the reason we need you is because of the prophecies.† â€Å"I want to go home.† I bet you do, Keller thought. For a moment, she felt complete sympathy for the girl. â€Å"Like this.† She quoted: â€Å"Four to stand between the light and the shadow, Four of blue fire, power in their blood. Born in the year of the bund Maiden’s vision; Four less one and darkness triumphs.† â€Å"I really don’t know what you’re talking about-â€Å" â€Å"Four Wild Powers,† Keller went on relentlessly. â€Å"Four people with a special gift, something nobody else has. Each one of them born seventeen years ago.If Circle Daybreak can get all four of them to work together-and only if Circle Daybreak can get them to work together-then we can hold off the darkness.† Iliana was shaking her head, edging away even from Galen. Behind Keller, Winnie and Nissa stood up, closing in. They faced her in a solid block, unified. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Keller said. â€Å"You can’t escape it. You’re part of it. You’re a Wild Power.† â€Å"And you should be happy,† Winnie burst out, unable to contain herself any longer. â€Å"You’re going to help save the world. You know that thing I did back in the Hallmark shop? With the orange fire?† She cupped her hands. â€Å"Well, you’re full of blue fire. And that’s so much stronger-nobody even knows what it can do.† Iliana put out her hands. â€Å"I’m sorry. I really am. But you guys are nuts, and you’ve got the wrong person. I mean, I don’t know, maybe you’re not completely nuts. The things that happened back at that store†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped and gulped. â€Å"But I don’t have anything to do with it.† She shut her eyes, as if that would bring the real world into focus. â€Å"I’m not any Wild Power,† she said more firmly. â€Å"I’m just a human kid-â€Å" â€Å"Actually, no,† Nissa said. â€Å"You’re a lost witch,† Winnie cut in. â€Å"You’re a Harmon. A Hearth-Woman. That’s the most famous family of witches; they’re like-they’re royalty. And you’re the most famous of all of them. You’re the Witch Child. We’ve been waiting for you.† Keller shifted. â€Å"Winnie, maybe we don’t need to tell her all of this right now.† But Winnie was racing on. â€Å"You’re the one who’s going to unite the shapeshifters and the witches. You’re going to marry a prince of the shapeshifters, and then we’re all going to be like this.† She held up two intertwined fingers. Iliana stared at her. â€Å"I’m only seventeen. I’m not marrying anybody.† â€Å"Well, you can do a promise ceremony; that’s binding. The witches would accept it, and I think the shapeshifters would.† She glanced at Keller for confirmation. Keller pinched the bridge of her nose. â€Å"I’m just a grunt; I can’t speak for the ‘shifters.† Winnie was already turning back to Iliana, her curls shaking with earnestness. â€Å"Really, you know,† she said, â€Å"it’s incredibly important. Right now, the Night World is split. Vampires on one side, witches on the other. And the shapeshifters-well, they could go either way. And that’s what could determine the battle.† â€Å"Look-â€Å" â€Å"The witches and the shapeshifters haven’t been allies for thirty thousand-â€Å" â€Å"I don’t care!† Full-blown hysteria. It was about as scary as a six-week-old kitten hissing, but it was the best raving Iliana could manage. Both her small fists were clenched, and her face and throat were flushed. â€Å"I don’t care about the shapeshifters or the witches. I’m just a normal kid with a normal life, and I want to go home! I don’t know anything about fighting. Even if I believed all this stuff, I couldn’t help you. I hate PE; I’m totally uncoordinated. I get sick when I see blood. And-† She looked around and made an inarticulate sound of exasperation. â€Å"And I lost my purse.† Keller stood up. â€Å"Forget your purse.† â€Å"It had my mom’s credit card in it. She’s going to kill me if I come home without that. I just- where’s my purse?† â€Å"Look, you little idiot,† Keller said. â€Å"Worry about your mother, not about her credit card.† Diana backed up a step. Even in the middle of a hysterical fit, she was beautiful beyond words. Strands of angel-fine hair stuck to her flushed, wet cheeks. Her eyes were dark as twilight, shadowed by heavy lashes-and they wouldn’t quite meet Keller’s. â€Å"I don’t know what you mean.† â€Å"Yes, you do. Where’s your mom going to be when the end of the world comes? Is a credit card going to save her then?† Iliana was in a corner now. Keller could hear both Nissa and Winnie making warning noises. She knew herself that this was the wrong way to get someone on their side. But patience wasn’t one of Keller’s great virtues. Neither was keeping her temper. â€Å"Let’s see,† Galen said, and his voice was like cool water flowing through the room. â€Å"Maybe we could take a little break-â€Å" â€Å"I don’t need advice from you,† Keller snapped. â€Å"And if this little idiot is too stupid to understand that she can’t turn her back on this, we have to show her.† â€Å"I’m not an idiot!† â€Å"Then you’re just a big baby? Scared?† Iliana sputtered again. But there was unexpected fire in her violet eyes as she did it. She was looking right at Keller now, and for a moment Keller thought that there might be a breakthrough. Then she heard a noise. Her ears picked it up before either Winnie’s or Nissa’s. A car on the street outside. â€Å"Company,† Keller said. She noticed that Galen had stiffened. Had he heard it? Winnie was moving to stand behind the door; Nissa slipped as quietly as a shadow to the window. It was dark outside now, and vampire eyes were good at night. â€Å"Blue car,† Nissa said softly. â€Å"Looks like them inside.† â€Å"Who?† Diana said. Keller gestured at her to be quiet. â€Å"Winnie?† â€Å"I have to wait until they cross the wards.† A pause, then she broke into a smile. â€Å"It’s her!† â€Å"Who?† Iliana said. â€Å"I thought nobody was supposed to know we were here.† Good thinking. Logical, Keller thought. â€Å"This is someone I called. Someone who came all the way fromNevada and has been waiting to see you.† She went to the door. It took a few minutes for the people in the car to get out-they moved slowly. Keller could hear the crunch of footsteps and the sound of a cane. She opened the door. There was no light outside; the figures approaching were in shadow until they actually reached the threshold. The woman who stepped in was old. So old that anyone’s first thought on first seeing her was How can she still be alive? Her skin was creased into what seemed like hundreds of translucent folds. Her hair was pure white and almost as fine as Diana’s, but there wasn’t much of it. Her already tiny figure was stooped almost double. She walked with a cane in one hand and the other tucked into the arm of a nondescript young man. But the eyes that met Keller’s were anything but senile. They were bright and almost steely, gray with just the faintest touch of lavender. â€Å"The Goddess’s bright blessings on you all,† she said, and smiled around the room. It was Winnie who answered. â€Å"We’re honored by your presence-Grandma Harman.† In the background, Diana demanded plaintively for the third time, â€Å"Who?† â€Å"She’s your great-great-aunt,† Winnie said, her voice quiet with awe. â€Å"And the oldest of the Harmans. She’s the Crone of all the Witches.† Diana muttered something that might have been, â€Å"She looks like it.† Keller stepped in before Winnie could attack her. She introduced everyone. Grandma Harman’s keen eyes flickered when Galen’s turn came, but she merely nodded. â€Å"This is my apprentice and driver, Toby,† she told them. â€Å"He goes everywhere with me, so you can speak freely in front of him.† Toby helped her to the couch, and everyone else sat, too-except Diana, who stubbornly stayed in her corner. â€Å"How much have you told her?† Grandma Harman asked. â€Å"Almost everything,† Keller said. â€Å"And?† â€Å"She-isn’t quite certain.† â€Å"I am certain,† Diana piped up. â€Å"I want to go home.† Grandma Harman extended a knobby hand toward her. â€Å"Come here, child. I want to take a look at my great-great-niece.† Tm not your great-great-niece,† Diana said. But with those steely-but-soft eyes fixed on her, she took one step forward. â€Å"Of course you are; you just don’t know it. Do you realize, you’re the image of my mother when she was your age? And I’ll bet your great-grandmother looked like her, too.† Grandma Harman patted the couch beside her. â€Å"Come here. I’m not going to hurt you. My name is Edgith, and your great-grandmother was my little sister, Elspeth.† Diana blinked slowly. â€Å"Great-grandmother Elspeth?† â€Å"It was almost ninety years ago that I last saw her. It was just before the First World War. She and our baby brother, Emmeth, were separated from the rest of the family. We all thought they were dead, but they were being raised inEngland . They grew up and had children there, and eventually some of those children came toAmerica . Without ever suspecting their real heritage, of course. It’s taken us a long time to track down their descendants.† Iliana had taken another involuntary step. She seemed fascinated by what the old woman was saying. â€Å"Mom always talked about Great-grandmother Elspeth. She was supposed to be so beautiful that a prince fell in love with her.† â€Å"Beauty has always run in our family,† Grandma Harman said carelessly. â€Å"Beauty beyond comparison, ever since the days of Hellewise Hearth-Woman, our foremother. But that isn’t the important thing about being a Harman.† ‘It isn’t?† Iliana said doubtfully. â€Å"No.† The old woman banged her cane. â€Å"The important thing, child, is the art Witchcraft. You are a itch, Iliana; it’s in your blood. It always will be. And you’re the gift of the Harmans in this last fight Now, listen carefully.† Staring at the far wall, she recited slowly and deliberately: â€Å"One from the land of kings long forgotten; One from the hearth which still holds the spark; One from the Day World where two eyes are watching; One from the twilight to be one with the dark.† Even when she had finished, the words seemed to hang in the air of the room. No one spoke. Diana’s eyes had changed. She seemed to be looking inside herself, at something only she could see. It was as if deeply buried memories were stirring. â€Å"That’s right,† Grandma Harman said softly. â€Å"You can feel the truth of what I’m telling you. It’s all there, the instinct, the art, if you just let it come out. Even the courage is there.† Suddenly, the old woman’s voice was ringing. â€Å"You’re the spark in the poem, Iliana. The hope of the witches. Now, what do you say? Are you going to help us beat the darkness or not?† How to cite Night World : Witchlight Chapter 4, Essay examples

Innovation and Technology Management Innovation in Modern Societies

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Innovation and Technology Management for Innovation in Modern Societies? Answer: Introduction: The essay deals with the invention and innovation in the technology critically analyzing the market behavior and the contention that the combination of Software/Hardware into autonomous Robots is a significant threat to the management of the organization. The last few decades show a huge number of industrial revolutions. In the late 18th century which can be considered as the first Industrial Revolution and almost 100 years later, the second Industrial Revolution caused a massive set of innovations which affected, more specifically improved the socio-economic standard of living of many people in the society. The changes brought a bunch of new economic opportunities in a large scale. The third great wave of technology invention (Oerlemans et al. 2013) as well as financial disordering caused by the advancement of information technology and communi1cation in the late 20th century with machine learning and intelligence, generally known as Robotics and artificial intelligence. The recent revolution that can be considered as the third revolution includes the big data informatics. After that, the fourth revolution includes media and informatics, which enables peoples interaction to be easier. The social media, like Twitter, Linkedin, Facebook, etc. got introduced in this era, show an excellent source of information. The fifth industrial revolution is also emerging, defined as human-technology co-evolution. These technological innovations are causing more expansion of information availability, and people can be more exposed to the world of technology(Williamson et al. 2013). However, the continuous rise in technology invention and innovation also can be considered a hidden problem. The information technology has a limited territory i.e. it cannot reach everyone in every corner of the world. Moreover, the organizations innovation new technologies face certain threats regarding the new technology and artificial intelligence every day. This paper critically evaluates the limitation and risks the organizations face after the third great wave of technology invention. Literature review and critical evaluation: This literature review is going to focus on four major concepts regarding the information technology innovation. The literature review has identified four critical factors. The first key phase is Ends and Means, easing the transition (Yoo 2013). The second primary phase is Displacement Theory, concentrating on Free Market concepts (Williamson, J.M., Lounsbury and Han 2013). The third key phase includes Replacement Theory, focusing on Marxist notions (Johnston and Marshall 2013). The last key phase discussed is Infill /Substitution, involving Labor Economic Concepts. The literature review will critically analyze and evaluate the concepts regarding how the innovation in the technology will cause a threat to the organizations. A: Ends and Means, Easing the transition: First article: According to, de Kervenoael et al. (2015), the non-institutionalized workers are a threat to the organizational management groups. The author states that the outsourced freelancing web designers and software developers are creating a trouble into the institutionalized plans and structures. The availability of internet learning, as well as online courses, is the cause of severe tension for the management of institutions. The freelancing techniques seem to be a large threat to the institutions as well as the workers associated with the systems. The change in altitude also can be considered as the factor for rising technology and innovation. For the purpose of study, the author has explored the role of social media in knowledge sharing as well. The threat occurs mainly due to the social capital theory and social education availability online. Second article: As discussed by Stahl et al. (2014), the rising innovative technology also includes ethical perspectives. This article discusses how computer ethics, innovation, and sound research affect the firm's outputs and deliverables. The discourse in computer ethics causes stress to the vast number of scholars and their personal abilities to work. As a very critical factor for the workers, this causes a huge trouble for the management section. Hacking and other technological crimes are considered to be the biggest threat. The article also includes the unethical means of revealing company's data and other relevant information that are specifically used by the enterprise only. Along with the privacy and security, misuses of scientific practices are also highly criticized in this paper. Third article: Here it is argued that innovation is a means, it is not an end in itself. Although the extent of innovation should always be prcised specifically to that point, up to which it improves and works on economic, environmental as well as the social well-being of the people. The article concludes that if innovative technology only deals with the production and manufacturing new improved goods, which are the current trend in most of the OECD countries, it may affect adversely to the environment with the emission of greenhouse gas and unsustainable growth. Unbalanced production and technology innovations cause socio-economic as well as an environmental imbalance. Therefore, the article discusses the importance of the curiosity-driven innovations and research (van den Hove et al. 2012). Fourth article: According to Davenport (2013), the main purpose of innovation in new technology is the time reduction and production of more efficient output. As discussed by the author, during 1980's and afterward, there was an enormous opportunity for applying new innovative technology affecting manufacturing process and production. The author looked in to the newly implemented procedures and then he had done several surveys of different companies. He found that technologies that were newly implemented, gave rise to the significant level of output production, but it included an extensive training process. Therefore, implementation might have taken more amount of time. Nevertheless, the importance of efficient production leads the firm to acquire innovative manufacturing process thereby affecting the company's future planning and strategies. Critical analysis: From the above discussion of the four articles, it is argued that innovative technology is a means, not an ends to itself. The work ethics, more specifically computer ethics that include privacy and secrecy of the company databases should be strictly maintained. As argued above, the non-institutionalized workers are considered as a large threat to the enterprise managements. These workers' resource is the facility of internet learning and online courses. At the same time, the process of new technology includes a broad agenda of training procedures. The companies may incur a loss due to this. Nevertheless, as the overall implementation of new technology leads to a substantial profit and thereby company growth, the innovative technology is widely accepted after 1980's. B: Displacement Theory (Free Market concepts): First article: As discussed by Adolf et al. (2013), technological unemployment affects the information technology industry. Displacement theory means the change in the labor force of a particular company due to technological change. It can also be termed as technological unemployment as well. The labor force participation rate is decreased due to the displacement of labor from one firm to other. This causes a lower rate of unemployment in a particular company and thus creates a threat to the management. Second article: Here the authors have discussed the indirect displacement of residents and the effects of this kind of movements among the industries. This paper deals with the idea of effects of indirect displacement i.e. the changes in the neighborhood gentrification, experienced by long-term residents. This includes four points of displacement typology such as cultural displacement, social displacement, political displacement and housing market displacement. The case study and analysis describes the idea of displacement theory and free market mechanisms affecting the information technology industry (Twigge-Molecey 2014). Third article: According to Sandstrom (2013), the innovation of new technology, in this case, manual calculator to electronic calculator improved the firm's profit. The company was situated in a small geographic area in Sweden, and the implementation of new technology was difficult. The application of computers by replacing laptops caused a great benefit to the firm. As a competitive market, other companies tried to adopt the same technology. But the small geographical area and free market structure i.e. free entry or exit into the market increased the competitiveness. The displacement of technological labors from other companies occurred and, therefore, the company's situation is better off. Fourth article: The article by Shapiro and Varian (2013) discusses the information economy that has faster technology and communication scopes into it dramatically. Therefore, changes in technology improve the overall economic structure. Nevertheless, in this article the authors argue that technology changes, but the economic laws do not. The management is so much inclined to look into the implementation of new production cum business process that they are unaware of changing the base, i.e. the underlying economic forces that are the primary determinant of deciding success and failure. Social and political dimensions cause a deceleration in business methods. This article argues how the economic process and laws affect the technological process and labor get displaced due to the economic principles and rules. Critical analysis: The above discussion on the articles infers that the free market concept can affect the labor force participation in any industry. The rise in innovations and adaptation of new technology attracts the industrial workers as well as the other competitive firms in the same industry. Therefore, displacement from one firm to another causes a technological unemployment in one firm. On the other hand, due to free market mechanism, other companies adopt the new technology as soon as the right is available and attracts skilled labor. The competition in the market thereby increases. At the same time, the economic laws and principles decelerate technological progress and this, in turn, causes a case of labor displacement. C: Replacement Theory (Marxist concepts): First article: The article by Forster (2016) caters a debate theoretically concerning about technology to be independent of the existing system. In the current information age, the social networking is considered as the most open innovation. However, in the capitalist system, which exploits and commodify the user in the networks, this paper researches through the Neo-Marxist view to analyze three different forms of social networking. This article argues between computer-utopians and the skeptics. A framework of capital accumulation and labor type is selected as a model. The Marxist view of capitalism is discussed concerning new technology and innovations. Second article: The article by Beverungen et al. (2015), explores the idea of social media such as Facebook, Twitter to challenge Marxist opinions and principles. This paper argues about the difference in skilled labor and conventional working system or labor force regarding requirement, productivity and efficiency. According to Marxist idealism, the structure of free labor is criticized and considered less productive. The new formation of innovative technology within the industry seeks work that is more productive and is not followed by any labor union. The concept of free labor is changed assuming the new notion of skilled labor. Therefore, the economic dimensions of Marx's theory are revised with the protocol of employing new competent and efficient labor force. Third article: According to Hornborg (2014), the technological progress can be used to truncate industrial as well as economic growth. New greater effective technology replaces the early adaptations of technology and the self-evident technological progress shows a high level of development in the economies. However, regardless of all the ideological persuasions, the self-evidence of new technology adaptation also harms the environment causing negative externality. The decreasing level of oil and such products and rising level of global warming are explicitly considered as the negative externalities. Therefore, replacement of technology, as well as replacement of Marxism, is critically described and analyzed here. The adverse effects also seem to be a threat to the organization management. Fourth article: As discussed by Webster (2014), technology and innovation involves the shape and structure of the society. The book includes the transition of women labor force with the change of technology and innovation. The author encountered changes in the business structure when new technology was adopted and applied. The women labor force got accelerated through the new process as the method is less time consuming as well as needs less effort. Also, it is easier to work with less physical effort, and, therefore, women workforce can participate to the same extent. Critical analysis: The above three articles serve three different points of view considering the same concept. Marxism can be described as a process that analyzes socio-economic condition by the ideas of Karl Marx. Marxist methodology analyzes relationships among different class and conflicts in the society by many materialists and dialectical view of economic transformation. It analyzes and criticizes the capitalist views. Marxism discusses the conflict between highly efficient mechanisms and socialized techniques of productions by the proletariat and thereby considers the concept of surplus value, named as the bourgeoisie. Here from the three articles, Marx's capitalist views contradict the new notion of innovation and skilled labor force. Also, the fourth article talks about women labor involvement. The new less abstract methods of production include more population of women in the economy. D: Infill/Substitution (Labour Economic Concepts): First article: As discussed by Karabarbounis and Neiman (2013), labor force stability is considered as a critical factor for determination of macroeconomic parameters. According to the article, the global share of employment declined during the 1980's covering a large area of many countries and many industries. The report says that the lowering of the relative price of investment goods and advancement of information technology has induced a situation where firms shifted from the labor dependence to capital. A decline in the price of investment goods roughly describes the decline in labor share even when machinery mechanisms are influencing company profits, capital accumulation with the growth of technology. The implication of this labor theory highlights the macroeconomic dynamics considering macroeconomic factors. Second article: The article refers to the "task approach" to the labor market. The challenges faced by the industry concerning allocation of "tasks" among labor and capital and also among the native resident and foreign workers are briefly discussed. The structure of labor demand and employment regarding the payment affects the efficiency of employees. The presence of canonical production function draws a scenario where the assignment of skills to task is a static phenomenon. This task approach influences the technological abilities, skills and shaping aggregate demand regarding the skills (David 2013). Third article: According to the article by Han and Mithas (2013), the outsourcing of information technology is discussed. This discussion deals with the argument of internal investment in information technology industry considering the relationship between IT outsourcing and non-IT operating costs. Studies say that these two factors are negatively correlated but it does not infer complete outsourcing of IT firms. Reports suggest that reduction of non-IT operation can be more beneficial when they are having higher skilled labor in the industry as well as high levels of complementary investment in to the firm. Outsourcing can affect the profits and efficiency of the business positively, and labor demand always persists within the economy as well as the company. Fourth article: According to Leamer and Storper (2014), the internet age has conquered the geographical, economic barriers. It argues about whether the web and communication will generate the revolution in the world economy. During the 21st century, the connection among the nations has increased due to the internet and communicative improving structures. The earlier times faced problems regarding the production of new goods in terms of raw material. However, the new technology involves a lower amount of factors of production. This, in turn, seeks efficient and skilled labor force. In the 19th century, the importance of workshop and trainings were less. However, during the late 20th century, improvement in transportation and communications give rise to the growth in production. The labor force is substituted for new skilled labor from other regions, as the information is more available. Thus, the article argues the communication technology increases skilled labor force substitution. Critical analysis: The above three articles deal with the same concept of labor market providing different aspects of the idea. The labor force is considered as a major macroeconomic variable. The major three aspects are described and analyzed as well. Firstly, the task approach relates to the allocation of tasks among the factors of production i.e. labor and capital. In the last decades, skill and efficiency did not get much importance. However, during the era of information technology, the workforce is tested regarding skill. Efficient labor force is preferred and therefore substituted. The communication technology enables the people from another region to participate in the interview processes. Therefore, management is exposed to greater amount of skilled labor and this, in turn, can be taken as a threat in disguise. Conclusion: The third great wave of innovation, as well as invention, advances the information and communication technology to a vast extent. It includes machine intelligence, social structure and advanced robotics and many more (Rutkauskas and RaÄ inskaja 2013). Information technology enables the communication of different area and different regions in the world. This, in turn, causes a presence of massive labor force participating in the IT world with no geographical territory. Therefore, a huge set of people has become the worker in the vast IT world. This causes a threat to the management companies as outsourcing, also having a positive side, shows a negative approach concerning wage rate and salary structure. People from third world country are hired. Nevertheless, they are not properly exposed into a good salary structure. The exchange rate over the world is different. One dollar in the USA equals a tremendous amount of rupee in third world countries. Therefore, skilled labor from t hird world countries is hired largely. At the same time, workers are aware of the company structure, robust infrastructure, and opportunities. Therefore, they disagree to be exploited. 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